The earliest records of the Germanic peoples were recorded by the Romans, and in these works Þórr is frequently referred to – via a process known as interpretatio romana (where characteristics perceived to be similar by Romans result in identification of a non-Roman god as a Roman deity) – as either the Roman god Jupiter (also known as Jove) or the Greco-Roman god Hercules. The Teutoburg Forest in northwestern Germany Þórr-based names may have flourished during the Viking Age as a defiant response to attempts at Christianization, similar to the wide scale Viking Age practice of wearing Þórr's hammer pendants. Prior to the Viking Age, no examples are recorded. īeginning in the Viking Age, personal names containing the theonym Þórr are recorded with great frequency. Latin dies Iovis ('day of Jupiter') was converted into Proto-Germanic *Þonares dagaz ("Þórr's day"), from which stems modern English "Thursday" and all other Germanic weekday cognates. By employing a practice known as interpretatio germanica during the Roman Empire period, the Germanic peoples adopted the Roman weekly calendar, and replaced the names of Roman gods with their own. The name of the god is the origin of the weekday name Thursday. They descend from the Proto-Germanic masculine noun *þunraz 'thunder', and ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European word for 'thunder' *(s)tenh₂-, with another cognate in the Celtic god Taranis ( *Torano). Old Norse Þórr (ᚦᚢᚱ), Old English Þunor, Old High German Donar, Old Saxon thunar, and Old Frisian |thuner are cognates within the Germanic language branch. 5 Origin, theories, and interpretations.3.2 Hammer pendants and Eyrarland Statue.3.1 Runestone invocations and image stones.2.4.2 Prose Edda, Heimskringla, and sagas.Like other Germanic deities, veneration of Þórr is revived in the modern period in Heathenry. Þórr has inspired numerous works of art and references to Þórr appear in modern popular culture. Þórr is frequently referred to in place names, the day of the week Thursday bears his name (modern English Thursday derives from Old English Þūnresdæg, 'Þunor's day'), and names stemming from the pagan period containing his own continue to be used today, particularly in Scandinavia. Into the modern period, Þórr continued to be acknowledged in rural folklore throughout Germanic-speaking Europe. Þórr's exploits, including his relentless slaughter of his foes and fierce battles with the monstrous serpent Jǫrmungandr-and their foretold mutual deaths during the events of Ragnarök-are recorded throughout sources for Norse mythology. Þórr wields the mountain-crushing hammer, Mjöllnir, wears the belt Megingjörð and the iron gloves Járngreipr, and owns the staff Gríðarvölr. Þórr has two servants, Þjálfi and Röskva, rides in a cart or chariot pulled by two goats, Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr (that he eats and resurrects), and is ascribed three dwellings (Bilskirnir, Þrúðheimr, and Þrúðvangr). By way of Óðinn, Þórr has numerous brothers, including Baldr. With Sif, Þórr fathered the goddess (and possible valkyrie) Þrúðr with Járnsaxa, he fathered Magni with a mother whose name is not recorded, he fathered Móði, and he is the stepfather of the god Ullr.
In these sources, Þórr bears at least fifteen names, is the husband of the golden-haired goddess Sif, is the lover of the gýgr Járnsaxa, and is generally described as fierce eyed, red haired and red bearded. Norse mythology, largely recorded in Iceland from traditional material stemming from Scandinavia, provides numerous tales featuring the god. Þórr is a prominently mentioned god throughout the recorded history of the Germanic peoples, from the Roman occupation of regions of Germania, to the tribal expansions of the Migration Period, to his high popularity during the Viking Age, when, in the face of the process of the Christianization of Scandinavia, emblems of his hammer, Mjǫllnir, were worn and Norse pagan personal names containing the name of the god bear witness to his popularity.ĭue to the nature of the Germanic corpus, narratives featuring Þórr are only attested in Old Norse, where Þórr appears throughout Norse mythology. All forms of the deity stem from a Common Germanic * Þunraz (meaning thunder). Besides Old Norse Þórr, extensions of the god occur in Old English as Þunor and in Old High German as Donar (runic ᚦᛟᚾᚨᚱ þonar). In Germanic mythology, Þórr (Old Norse: ᚦᚢᚱ ), anglicised as Thor (/θoːr/), is a hammer-wielding god associated with thunder, lightning, storms, sacred groves and trees, strength, the protection of mankind and also hallowing and fertility. For other uses, see Thor (disambiguation).
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